Etnikyang mendiami negara Myanmar ditunjukkan oleh baris a.burma,tionghoa,melayu b.burma,karen,shan c.thai,karen,khmer d.meztizo,Negrito,shan - 18944614

Etnik yang mendiami negara Myanmar ditunjukkan oleh baris... a. Burma, Tionghoa, Melayub. Burma, Karen, Shanc. Thai, Karen, Khmerd. Meztizo, Negrito, Shan B. Burma, Karen, Shansemoga membantu Jawabannya b. burma, karen, shan

PengertianKeragaman Indonesia. Keragaman merupakan suatu kondisi pada kehidupan masyarakat. Perbedaan seperti itu ada pada suku bangsa, agama, ras, serta budaya. Keragaman yang ada di Indonesia adalah kekayaan dan keindahan bangsa indonesia. Pemerintah harus bisa mendorong keberagaman tersebut menjadi suatu kekuatan untuk bisa

- Myanmar disebut-sebut diambang Perang Saudara akibat konflik kudeta militer sejak 1 Februari, yang telah menewaskan lebih dari 500 warga sipil karena menuntut demokrasi. Salah satu pakar menyebutkan Perang Saudara berpotensi terjadi, jika kelompok-kelompok etnis besenjata Myanmar serentak angkat senjata untuk melawan kekerasan berdarah yang dilakukan junta ini telah ada 3 kelompok etnis bersenjata Myanmar yang memberikan pernyataan bersama, bahwa akan membalas 500 lebih kematian warga sipil oleh junta militer. Baca juga Covid-19 Kembali Mewabah di Perbatasan dengan Myanmar, China Tindak Keras Penyeberangan Ilegal Sementara, masih banyak kelompok etnis minoritas di Myanmar. Lebih dari 40 persen orang yang tinggal di Myanmar, berasal dari kelompok etnis minoritas berbeda. Melansir BBC pada 2010, ada 9 kelompok etnis utama di Myanmar dengan puluhan sub-kelompok mengenal 8 kelompok etnis minoritas utama Myanmar tersebut, yang dirangkum berikut ini Baca juga Myanmar di Ambang Perang Saudara Berskala Besar, Dewan Keamanan PBB Diminta Bertindak 1. Etnis Karenni Karenni adalah cabang dari kelompok etnis Karen. Arti nama "Karenni" adalah Karens Merah. Mereka tinggal di negara bagian Kayin Karenni, salah satu daerah paling berkembang di negara itu. Seperti kebanyakan kelompok minoritas di Myanmar, suku Karenni mengalami serangan dan diusir secara paksa dari tanah mereka oleh militer. Kelompok hak asasi mengatakan ini adalah upaya tentara untuk merebut sumber daya alam wilayah mereka. KementerianKelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) terus mendorong pertumbuhan sektor kelautan dan perikanan dengan berbagai kebijakan. Latihan Soal dan Kunci Jawaban EHB BKS Ekonomi IPS Terpadu 2021 Persiapan EHB BKS 2022. Kebijakan KKP tersebut diterjemahkan ke dalam misi tiga pilar yakni kedaulatan, keberlanjutan, dan kesejahteraan, yaitu: Sebanyak 20 kelompok pemberontak etnis di Myanmar saat ini berperang melawan militer demi hak otonomi khusus bagi wilayah perbatasan terluar Myanmar. Perang saudara antara lain berkecamuk di negara bagian Shan, Kachin, Karen dan Rakhine. Myanmar adalah sebuah negara multietnis yang didominasi etnis Bamar. Mereka mewakili hampir 70% populasi penduduk, dan mendiami wilayah paling subur di Myanmar di sekitar sungai Irrawady. Jatuhnya pemerintahan sipil di Myanmar sebabnya dikhawatirkan bakal menghentikan tren desentralisasi dan mengakhiri proses damai yang rapuh. Sejak tahun 1949 pemerintah pusat Myanmar terlilit perang tanpa henti dengan berbagai kelompok etnis di seluruh penjuru negeri. Kebanyakan menuntut otonomi luas, seperti yang dijanjikan ayah Aung San Suu Kyi, Jendral Aung San, dalam Perjanjian Panglong 1947, yang menyepakati sistem pemerintahan federal dengan hak penuh bagi etnis minoritas. Aung San dibunuh tidak lama setelah membubuhkan tandatangannya. Selama puluhan tahun setelahnya, kekuasaan para jendral membuahkan ragam catatan pelanggaran HAM berat, mulai dari pembunuhan ekstra yudisial, pemerkosaan massal atau pemusnahan desa-desa penduduk. "Ketika militer Myanmar datang, warga etnik Shan, Kachin, Mon, Karen dan lainnya akan lari ke hutan,” kata Phil Robertson, Wakil Direktur Human Rights Asia. "Kejahatan terhadap warga etnis oleh militer menyebar luas, sistematis dan dilakukan dengan impunitas.” Kejahatan HAM Saat proses demokratisasi dimulai 2011 silam, sejumlah kelompok menyepakati gencatan senjata dengan pemerintah. Pada 2015, tokoh-tokoh etnis minoritas dan pemerintah sipil menyepakati perjanjian gencatan senjata nasional. Di tahun yang sama, kelompok-kelompok etnis Myanmar menggelar konferensi damai untuk mengenang Perjanjian Panglong. Tapi damai yang digalang pemerintah sipil gagal menghentikan militer untuk melanjutkan pertempuran melawan pemberontak. Pada 2018, Tim Pencari Fakta PBB menulis laporan yang mencatat kekejaman tentara di kelompok etnis minoritas di tiga negara bagian. "Selama operasi militer, Tatmadaw secara sistematis membidik warga sipil, termasuk perempuan dan anak-anak, melakukan kejahatan seksual, menyuarakan dan mempromosikan retorika ekslusif dan diskriminatif melawan minoritas, serta membangun iklim impunitas bagi para tentara,” kata Marzuki Darusman yang mengepalai tim damai yang digagas pemerintah sipil di Myanmar mempertemukan militer dengan perwakilan kelompok pemberontak etnis. Foto DW/V. Hölzl PBB juga mencatat kejahatan HAM yang dilakukan kelompok pemberontak, seperti "pembunuhan ekstra yudisial, kegagalan mengambil langkah persiapan untuk melindungi warga sipil dalam serangan militer, menghancurkan properti, memindahkan paksa warga sipil, dan pelanggaran lain.” Namun kekejian terbesar terjadi di negara bagian Rakhine, di mana operasi brutal Tatmadaw antara 2017 dan 2018 menewaskan warga etnis Rohingya, dan mengusir lainnya yang lari ke Bangladesh. PBB mencatat operasi tersebut dilancarkan dengan "niatan genosida.” Kelompok pemberontak Rohingya tidak terlibat dalam perundingan damai dengan pemerintah etnis minoritas Myanmar Sejak memenangkan pemilu November silam, Suu Kyi sebenarnya sudah menegaskan niatnya melanjutkan upaya perdamaian. Tapi kudeta militer berpotensi memupus kepercayaan yang rapuh. "Menyusul pengambilalihan kekuasaan, Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata Nasional NCA dan proses damai yang sedang diimplementasikan dengan partisipasi pemerintah, parlemen, Tatmadaw, partai-partai politik dan organisasi etnis bersenjata, bisa terhenti,” tulis Dewan Restorasi Shan, organisasi etnis bersenjata di dekat perbatasan adalah negeri multietnis yang didominasi suku Bamar. Mereka mendiami wilayah sentral, di basin sungai Irrawady. Sementara etnis minoritas kebanyakan bermukim di wilayah perbatasan terluar. Uni Karen Nasional, salah satu kelompok etnis bersenjata paling tua di Myanmar, menerbitkan pernyataan yang menuntut pembebasan tokoh politik yang ditahan. Mereka juga mendesak tentara menyelesaikan kebuntuan politik secara damai. Beberapa kelompok besar lain memilih diam, termasuk Aliansi Utara, sebuah gabungan empat kelompok bersenjata yang terlibat dalam konflik paling sengit dengan militer. Pakar meyakini militer harus menunggu sampai kisruh yang dipicu kudeta sedikit mereda. Namun visi yang dimiliki para jendral diyakini berbeda dengan apa yang didambakan etnis minoritas di Myanmar. "Saya kira tindakan mereka dalam jangka waktu menengah dan panjang tidak akan menciptakan situasi yang kondunsif bagi kesepakatan politik yang didambakan dan diperjuangkan etnis minoritas Myanmar selama 60 tahun terakhir,” kata Ronan Lee, peneliti Myanmar di Queen Mary University di London. Kudeta "ini adalah kabar buruk bagi proses perundingan damai,” pungkasnya. rzn/vlz rtr, ap 5Konflik at au Kerusuh an etnik p ada bulan M ei di awal i oleh kek alahan Part ai Perika tan (yang dianggotai oleh UMNO, M CA dan MIC) pada pemilihan umum tahun 1969. Jumlah kursi yang

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BentangAlam. Negara Turki terdiri dari dua bagian yang berada di dua benua berbeda. Wilayah Anatolia di Asia dan wilayah Thrace di Eropa. Keduanya dipisahkan oleh Laut Marmara, Selat Karadeniz dan Selat Canakkale bogazi. Di wilayah Anatolia, hampir keseluruhan wilayah terdiri dari Plato dan barisan pegunungan.
NAYPYIDAW, – Myanmar merupakan negara yang terus dilanda konflik internal. Sejak merdeka dari Inggris pada 1948, negara yang dulunya bernama Burma ini langsung didera serangkaian pemberontakan di beberapa wilayah. Mayoritas konflik tersebut sebenarnya berbasis etnik. Beberapa etnik membentuk kelompok bersenjata dan memerangi militer Myanmar, alias Transnational Institute melaporkan, Myanmar adalah salah satu negara dengan jumlah kelompok etnik paling beragam di dunia. Kelompok etnik minoritas telah lama terpinggirkan dan ditolak hak-hak dasarnya. Perang saudara yang terus berlangsung selama puluhan tahun justru semakin membuat kelompok etnik ini menderita. Motif yang melatarbelakangi kelompok-kelompok etnik bersenjata memerangi pemerintah Myanmar beragam. Ada yang menuntut kemerdekaan, perluasan otonomi, atau menuntut dibentuknya negara Time bahkan menyebut konflik Myanmar merupakan perang saudara terlama di dunia. Tercatat, ada belasan kelompok bersenjata di Myanmar yang mengobarkan perang terhadap pemerintah Myanmar. Baca juga Risiko Perang Saudara Memuncak, AS Tarik Diplomat dari Myanmar KNU Setelah Myanmar merdeka dari Inggris pada 4 Januari 1948, ada dua kelompok oposisi di negara yakni kelompok komunis yang dipimpin Partai Komunis Burma CPB dan kelompok nasionalis bangsa Karen yang dipimpin Persatuan Nasional Karen KNU. CPB telah melawan kolonial Inggris sebelum Myanmar merdeka. Namun, selama hari-hari terakhir pendudukan Jepang di Myanmar dalam Perang Dunia II, kedua kelompok ini membantu Inggris berperang melawan Jepang. Selama periode pasca-kemerdekaan, KNU lebih menyukai negara merdeka yang diperintah oleh orang-orang Karen. ProsidingKonferensi Dan Dialog Negara Hukum : Negara Hukum Indonesia Ke Mana Akan Melangkah. Mahakamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2012. Nurul Firmansyah. Download Download PDF. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. This Paper. A short summary of this paper. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Ilustrasi Kelompok etnik terbesar yang mendiami negara Myanmar adalah, sumber foto Alexander Schimmeck by etnik terbesar yang mendiami negara Myanmar adalah Suku Bamar. Seperti yang diketahui, Myanmar adalah negara yang memiliki banyak suku di negaranya. Berdasarkan catatan dari Kemlu, terhitung jumlah suku di negara tersebut adalah 135 suku. Setiap suku mempunyai sub-kelompok dengan beragam keunikannya masing-masing. Dari sekian banyak suku yang terdapat di Myanmar, suku Bamar adalah suku dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak. Agar semakin mengenalnya, simak fakta unik tentang suku Bamar di artikel Unik tentang Kelompok Etnik Terbesar yang Mendiami Negara MyanmarMengutip buku Semua Bisa Pintar Ulangan Harian Tematik Kelas 6 SD oleh Nur Rasyidah 2022, Suku Bamar merupakan suku terbesar di Myanmar yang mayoritas penduduknya bekerja di sektor adalah fakta unik tentang suku Bamar yang perlu Berkomunikasi Menggunakan Bahasa BurmaMasyarakat suku Bamar berbicara menggunakan bahasa Burma yang sekaligus menjadi bahasa resmi negara Myanmar. Selain itu, sistem penulisan di negara tersebut juga menggunakan aksara Tinggal di Sekitar Sungai IrrawaddyIlustrasi Kelompok etnik terbesar yang mendiami negara Myanmar adalah, sumber foto Mg Cthu by unik suku Bamar yang kedua adalah menetap di sekitar sungai Irrawaddy. Sungai Irrawaddy menjadi sungai terpanjang di negara Myanmar, sehingga berpengaruh besar bagi kelangsungan hidup masyarakat yang bermukim di Pakaian AdatSeperti halnya Indonesia, Suku Bamar di negara Myanmar juga terkenal memiliki kebudayaan yang unik, salah satunya dalam hal pakaian tradisional. Adapun pakaian adat suku Bamar adalah longyi yang dililitkan di perut layaknya berbagai acara resmi, para wanita suku Bamar menggunakan selendang sutra dan perhiasan emas. Sedangkan para pria menggunakan jaket berkerah mandarin yang dilengkapi dengan Terbagi menjadi 9 Suku yang BerbedaFakta suku Bamar yang selanjutnya adalah terbagi ke dalam sembilan kelompok suku. Salah satu suku yang cukup unik adalah suku Moken yang tinggal di perairan Kepulauan Mergui. Suku ini menggantungkan hidupnya di laut dan menjalani gaya hidup seperti pada zaman garis besar, kelompok etnis di Myanmar sangat banyak dan semuanya memiliki keunikan masing-masing. Adapun kelompok etnis yang mendominasi Negara tersebut adalah Suku Bamar dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak. DLA Viewflipping ebook version of LKPD KELAS 12 SEMESTER GENAP TP 2021/2022 published by muhamadwaluyo on 2021-11-28. Interested in flipbooks about LKPD KELAS 12 SEMESTER GENAP TP 2021/2022? Check more flip ebooks related to LKPD KELAS 12 SEMESTER GENAP TP 2021/2022 of muhamadwaluyo. Share LKPD KELAS 12 SEMESTER
- Myanmar merupakan salah satu negara di Asia Tenggara. Myanmar tergabung dalam ASEAN pada 23 Juli 1997. Dulunya negara ini dikenal dengan nama Burma, namun sekitar abad ke-19, nama negaranya diubah menjadi negara Persatuan geografis Myanmar berbatasan langsung dengan Cina di sebelah utara, Bangladesh di bagian barat, Laos di sebelah timur, Thailand di bagian tenggara, serta India di barat laut. Sedangkan letak astronomisnya berada di 11ºLU – 28º LU dan 92ºBT – 101ºBT. Sistem pemerintahan Myanmar Dikutip dari jurnal Analisis Yuridis tentang Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensial Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 2021 karya M. Alfin Ardian dan Ridham Priskap, Myanmar menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial. Artinya presiden memegang jabatan sebagai kepala pemerintahan dan kepala negara. Dalam menjalankan pemerintahan dan urusan negaranya, presiden di Myanmar dibantu oleh dua orang wakil presiden. Namun, sekitar tahun 2016, presiden membentuk jabatan baru yang setara dengan Perdana Menteri, yakni Kanselir Negara State Counsellor. Baca juga Kondisi Sosial Budaya di Singapura Kondisi penduduk Myanmar Myanmar diperkirakan memiliki jumlah penduduk sebanyak 54,7 juta. Penduduknya berasal dari berbagai suku bangsa, seperti Bamar, Shan, Karen, Kachin, Chinese, India, dan lain sebagainya. Mayoritas penduduk negara ini berasal dari suku dari jurnal Myanmar dan Matinya Penegakan Demokrasi 2007 karya Awani Irewati, penduduk suku Bamar dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya menggunakan bahasa Burmese. Sedangkan untuk bahasa nasionalnya, menggunakan bahasa Myanmar. Selain bahasa ini, penduduk Myanmar juga ada yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, Mandarin, serta India. Sebagian besar penduduk Myanmar beragama Buddha Threvada. Agama ini kebanyakan dianut oleh kelompok suku Bamar, Rakhine, Shan, Mon, serta Chinese. Selain Buddha Threvada, penduduk negara ini juga ada yang menganut agama Kristen, misalnya suku Chin dan Karen, serta Islam yang dianut oleh kelompok Rohingya. Mengutip situs Encyclopaedia Britannica, Myanmar merupakan negara agraris yang sebagian besar penduduknya bekerja sebagai petani. Selain pertanian, warga negaranya juga bergerak di bidang industri khususnya pertambangan, sektor perbankan, asuransi, perdagangan, dan lain sebagainya. Baca juga Jenis-Jenis Tanaman Australia Beberapa hasil pertanian dan industri tersebut ada yang dikonsumsi penduduk Myanmar sendiri, tetapi ada pula yang diekspor. Contoh komoditas ekspor Myanmar ialah padi, kayu, kapas, karet, dan lainnya. Sedangkan komoditas impornya adalah mesin, alat transportasi besi, baja, pupuk, farmasi, serta lainnya. Dapatkan update berita pilihan dan breaking news setiap hari dari Mari bergabung di Grup Telegram " News Update", caranya klik link kemudian join. Anda harus install aplikasi Telegram terlebih dulu di ponsel.
BAB1 Pendahuluan. A. LATAR BELAKANG Indonesia merupakan sebuah negara yang terletak di bagian timur dunia, negara yang bagian pulau-pulaunya termasuk dalam garis khatulistiwa berbatasan dengan dua benua danjuga dua samudra dikatakan oleh dunia sebagai tempat yang strategis untuk melakukankegiatan agraris dan maritim sehingga tumbuhan
Mapel IPS Kategory Level SMP Kode Soal Kata kunci etnis, Myanmar - Myanmar atau Burma adalah sebuah negara di Asia tenggara. Myanmar adalah negara yang terdiri dari beragam etnis. Pemerintah Myanmar mengakui adanya 135 kelompok etnis di Myanmar. Ke 135 kelompok tersebut kemudian dikelompokan menjadi delapan kelompok etnis nasional, yaitu 1. Bamar 2. Chin 3. Kachin 4. Kayin 5. Kayah 6. Mon 7. Rakhine 8. Shan Selain kedelapan kelompok tersebut, masih banyak etnis lain yang tidak mendapat pengakuan dari pemerintah Myanmar,seperti Cina Burma, Panthay, India Burma, Anglo-Burma, dan Gurkha.
Etnikyang mendiami negara Myanmar ditunjukkan oleh kolom. - 25894874 haikaganteng2006 haikaganteng2006 03.12.2019 PPKn Sekolah Menengah Pertama terjawab Etnik yang mendiami negara Myanmar ditunjukkan oleh kolom. 1
A trip to Myanmar is like visiting hundreds of different countries all rolled into one. With over 135 separate ethnic groups of Myanmar, each with its own different culture and customs, this is, without doubt, one of the most ethnically exciting places on Earth. In recent years Myanmar previously known as Burma, has emerged as an exciting new travel destination – full to the brim with a wealth of history and untouched cultures to witness. This beautiful country’s past may be fraught with conflict and complications, but it’s not hard to see why Myanmar has risen to the top of so many adventurous travelers’ bucket lists. The main reason it is such a culturally rich part of the world to visit is down to the intricate web of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The country borders five different nations of Southeast Asia India, Bangladesh, China, Laos, and Thailand, not to mention the vast Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea that flank its southern side. This geographical position has gradually shaped Myanmar’s complex cultural make-up, leading to what is today one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. Over the course of history, settlers have been drawn in from all sides, and today around one-third of the country’s population is made up of minority ethnic communities. If you were to look at a Myanmar ethnic group map, you’d see that the minority groups live on roughly half the country’s land. The country has certainly had a rough journey getting to where it is today, with civil wars and conflict between the tribes of Myanmar. In many places, the troubles are ongoing. However, it’s this diversity and fascinating past that makes the country so appealing to travelers. So what does this hotchpotch history mean for the peoples of Myanmar today? Is the country still as culturally authentic as it once was? In what ways do the many Burmese tribes differ from one another, and how do they live now? Read on for answers to all these burning questions. Hill tribes kitchen How many ethnic groups does Myanmar actually have? The population of Myanmar numbers somewhere between 51 and 55 million people. Of this, around 68% are considered part of the dominant ethnic group – the Bamar also known as the Burmans. Including the Bamar, the government of Myanmar acknowledges 135 separate ethnic groups in total. They speak over 100 different dialects and languages. There is also a range of other ethnic groups that aren’t officially recognized by the Burmese government such as the Indian and Chinese populations and the Rohingya Muslims, among others. It’s thought that these unofficial tribes make up about 10% of the country’s population. The 135 official ethnic groups are identified as belonging to eight categories called major national ethnic races’ which are Bamar Chin Kachin Kayin Kayah Shan Rakhine Mon Unusually, these eight races are divided up not by language or genetic ancestry, but by geography – which has provided some confusion for many ethnologists. Apart from Bamar, each major national ethnic race’ has its own state of the same name. Each of these comprises many different ethnic groups except the Mon, which only has one, and many of the groups are very closely related. Confused yet? We don’t blame you! It’s a complicated affair, and part of a much bigger conversation about how we put labels on ethnicities and cultures in general – something that stirs up no end of controversy. In fact, the ethnic minority groups of Myanmar choose to call themselves ethnic nationalities’ rather than ethnic minorities’ because of the increasing fear of being sidelined or steam-rollered by the dominant Bamar culture. This idea of cultural homogenization is often nicknamed Burmanization’. For the sake of this article, we’re going to steer clear of too much of the nitty-gritty of debate, and dive into some of the recognized and unrecognized ethnic groups of Myanmar for an insight into how they live today. Myanmar Ethnic Groups Map It may be a little simplified but this map gives you an idea of the geographical spread of the various larger ethnic groups within Myanmar. The eight main ethnic categories of Myanmar As you can see from the map, for the most part, the ethnic minorities of Myanmar live in the mountainous areas around the borders of the country. They have their own languages, traditions, cultural costumes, and religions that are fascinating to witness. People describe Myanmar as the land of smiles’ mainly because of the warmth and hospitality of villagers in the rural parts of the country. Let’s have a closer look at some of the different ethnic groups of Myanmar. Bamar The name Burma was given to the country during British colonial rule presumably after the Bamar’, who were and remain to be the majority ethnicity in the country. Today, of course, the United Nations recognizes Myanmar as the country’s official name. The Bamar are a Sino-Tibetan ethnic group that takes up roughly two-thirds of the population of Myanmar at nearly 40 million people in total. Bamar people mostly live in the Irrawaddy River basin and are traditionally wet-rice farmers, having migrated here originally from Yunnan Province in China back in the 7th century. The Bamar are where most widely-recognized elements of Burmese culture and identity are derived – such as their traditional clothing of long sarongs longyi for the men and htamain for the women. On their feet, velvet sandals are worn although leather and plastic are also used – these are called gadiba phanat. Bamar women often put a yellowy white powder called thanaka onto their faces to protect their skin from the sun. For formal occasions, gold jewelry and silk scarves are put on, and the men often wear turbans and jackets with mandarin collars. Western clothing is making its inroads in the Bamar culture t-shirts and jeans appearing more frequently but not as much as in some other Southeast Asian cultures, and mainly in the country’s cities. The traditional Bamar cuisine is normally rice, noodles, and fish with plenty of salad. They practice Theravada Buddhism which is a vital part of their culture, and they speak the Burmese language. Two important rites of passage take place to celebrate Bamar children coming of age – a Buddhist novitiate ceremony for the boys called shinbyu, and a ceremony of ear-piercing for the girls called nar tha. Festivals are popular, such as the regular pagoda festivals. Another interesting custom is the naming of Bamar children. This is done according to the day of the week the child is born – and the Burmese week is divided into 8 to include Yahu Wednesday afternoon!. The Bamar are actually made up of nine different ethnic groups in total, including one rather unique nomadic minority called the Moken. The Moken are made up of between 2000 and 3000 people that inhabit the waters around a group of islands called the Mergui Archipelago off the southern coast of Myanmar. They are often called sea gypsies’ or Salon in Burmese, living on wooden boats and leading a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, living completely off the sea. Their traditional fishing methods are still practiced today – they dive up to 60 meters to gather shellfish, and use a long pipe for oxygen. Isn’t that incredible? Chin State Chin The Chin is a large ethnic group made up of many different subgroups, speaking between 40 to 45 different dialects. They live up in Chin State, the remote mountains and thick forest of northwestern Myanmar, near the border of India and Bangladesh. The name Chin is thought to come from the Chindwin Valley, where they first entered Myanmar in the 9th century AD. Their traditional dress is typically extremely colorful – mostly in red, green, and black although of course, this varies from tribe to tribe. On festival days such as Chin National Day marking the day they officially gained human rights, they go all out with their costumes. Brightly colored, often patterned sarongs, held in place by gold or silver waistbands, together with as much jewelry as they can fit on! Rings, hairpins, necklaces, and bracelets, all play a large part in formal dress, and clothes are often adorned with bells, tassels, and shells. The Chin were originally animist when it came to religion, but during the 19th-century, they were mostly converted to Christianity by Christian missionaries. They are known historically for their remarkable face tattoos – mainly given to women as a sign of beauty. Although something the Chin is intensely proud of, the practice of facial tattoos has today been banned by Burmese authorities and only a handful of Chin women have these ancient face tattoos today. Sadly, it’s been said that the Chin are one of the most persecuted of Myanmar’s minority groups. In the period of the military junta, they were persecuted by the Burmese army, and tens of thousands of Chin fled to India to avoid the violence, which has created political tension between the two nations. They are also the poorest ethnic group in Myanmar with roughly 40 percent living without sufficient food, and 70 percent living below the poverty line. A big part of this food shortage is a series of unfortunate natural events that happened in 2006 where the bamboo forest in the region blossomed which only happens roughly every 50 years!. Rodents were attracted and multiplied, drawn in by the fruit from the trees, which then ate their way through the local grain stores, forcing famine upon the Chin population. Kachin / Jingpo The Kachin people make up the smallest of the major national ethnic races’, inhabiting the Kachin hills in the north of Kachin State, as well as covering areas of China’s Yunnan province and parts of Northeastern India. People often interchange the name Kachin with the name of the principal subgroup – Jingpo or Jinghpaw. Traditional Kachin clothing is generally black, with silver adornments both for men and women. The women do sometimes wear colorful woolen skirts, and the men wear turbans – white for the youth, black for the elderly. The Jingpo are notoriously deft at survival and fighting skills, along with craftsmanship and herbal healing. The Kachin State is known for its bountiful natural resources such as jade. Their huge buffalo-hide shields together with black varnished helmets adorned with boar tusks make a formidable sight. As with the Chin, the Kachin have been Christianized and today between one-half and two-thirds of the population are Christian the remainder being mostly Buddhist and animist. Also, like the Chin, the Kachin have had numerous armed conflicts over the past number of decades, as they fought for independence from Myanmar, until signing a ceasefire agreement with the Burmese government in 1994. However, this only lasted until 2011, and political and physical unrest is still rife in Kachin State. Currently, it’s not a recommended destination for travelers. Kayin / Karen Down in the south and southeast of Myanmar, you can find Kayin State, where the Kayin or Karen people live. This ethnic group is made up of a large number of different sub-groups, many of whom don’t associate with one another and have little in common other than geographical location. It’s difficult to estimate how many there are of the Karen, as they are spread throughout Kayin State and beyond, but are thought to make up around 7 percent of Myanmar’s population. Most tribes can be found up in the mountains in villages between Myanmar and Thailand. A big part of Karen day to day life is music – women, in particular, can be seen in the villages playing guitar. Like several other major ethnic groups, the Karen have been mostly at war with the government of Myanmar for over 60 years, seeking their independence. Their numbers are made up of Buddhists, animists and Christians, many of the latter suffering persecution and fleeing into neighboring Thailand. Long-neck Kayah woman Kayah / Karenni Closely related to the Kayin is the Kayah group of ethnic nationalities, also known as the Karenni or Red Karen. The Kayah inhabit Kayah State – a fairly small region found directly to the east of Myanmar, and the neighboring Shan State, as well as some parts of Thailand. The most famous image of the Kayah is that of the long-necked’ women that wear brass rings around their necks to give the illusion of having long slender necks. The small group that does this is known as the Kayan Lahwi or Padaung. They begin wearing these coils at the age of five and add more rings as the years go on. In reality, the coils do not stretch the neck itself but push down on the collarbone and rib cage. According to myth, this was first done to protect the necks from tiger bites! After the military regime in Myanmar banned the practices of certain tribal traditions such as neck rings and face tattoos, many Padaung fled over into Thailand. Today, however, not all women from these villages still wear rings, because they have become rather a spectacle for tourists. Although today they are mostly a Christian ethnic group, part of Kayan tradition is their own religion called Kan Khwan which allegedly dates back to the Bronze Age. Tradition holds that communal Kayan decisions are done through divination – things like reading chicken bones or breaking thatch grass. They believe that the creation of the world occurred when god placed a stake in the ground. Shan State Shan The Shan also known as the Tai Yai is the largest ethnic group after the Bamar, making up over 9 percent of the population of Myanmar. This group encompasses many different ethnic minorities approximately 33 in total, mostly living in the east and northeast of Myanmar. The Shan are principally wet-rice farmers, but at one point Shan State was responsible for half of the world’s crop of opium! They mostly practice Theravada Buddhism, along with a Tai folk religion. They used to have a complex feudal system where they were ruled by hereditary princes. Both men and married women wear turbans, and the color is an important part of growing up in Shan communities. Young girls start wearing brightly colored dresses at the age of 14, and as they get older, the outfits gradually become less colorful. The men on the other hand stick to dark blue baggy trousers. When women get to the age of 40, they start wearing black clothes which they then wear for the rest of their lives. In fact, older women of Shan communities tend to lose their own sense of identity as they get older – instead, they are referred to as the wife of someone, rather than a person in their own right. Their living quarters are normally tall bamboo houses built on stilts. This is because the regions they inhabit are tropical rainforests, and this keeps them away from the damp ground. Beneath the house lives livestock such as pigs and chickens, and there are two water buckets at the bottom of the stairs to wash your feet in before you go enter the house – one for invited guests, and one for unexpected visitors. The balcony is the site of traditional Shan dancing, and there’s normally a shrine in the living room. One of the subgroups of the Shan is the H’Mong, who are renowned for their textiles traditions of beautiful weaving and bright and colorful costumes. Tourists trekking through this region should keep an eye out for these artisanal crafts to purchase! Rakhine The Rakhine people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Myanmar comprising around 4 to 5 percent of the population. They’re closely related to the Bamar people but have adopted more Indian cultural influences because of the way the Myanmar mountain ranges isolate them from the rest of the country. They mostly live in Rakhine State which is on the western coast of Myanmar. They’re also known as the Arakanese and are a truly ancient race that has been living in this part of Myanmar ever since 3,325 BC when the first independent Rakhine Kingdom was founded. Rakhine State is also home to the Rohingya Muslims, who have long faced persecution and are not recognized by the Burmese government as citizens of the country. The Rohingya are considered illegal immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, making them stateless, with no protective rights. Violence here is rife, particularly between the Rakhine and the Rohingya, and Rakhine State remains one of the poorest and most unstable parts of Myanmar. Mon Another major ethnic race in Myanmar is the Mon, which is made up of just one group as opposed to the many varying ones that comprise the other seven races. Around 2 percent of the population is Mon, and for the most part, they live in Mon State and other parts of the southern border, and there are many Mon in Thailand too. It’s said that the Mon was one of the first people to settle in Southeast Asia, and for this reason, they’re credited with influencing much of Burmese culture today. It’s also believed that it was the Mon that brought Theravada Buddhism to the area, and today they still mostly follow this religion. The Mon cultural symbol is a mythological water bird that looks a bit like a swan called the hongsa, commonly known as hintha. They have fantastic festivals and wonderful musical heritage, including traditional instruments such as the gong chime, the saung harp, and the crocodile xylophone! These instruments accompany their traditional dances which are performed in the villages. Still live traditions The issues they face today Unlike some other Southeast Asian countries, the main issue that the ethnic minorities of Myanmar face is not from beyond its borders, but instead from within them. It’s important to remember that Myanmar has only been open to tourism itself very recently with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, and the country is still emerging from military and political oppression, much of which is still ongoing. Minority groups fear becoming a monoculture and struggle and in many places, physically fight to protect their heritage and lands. Over the last 60 years and more, many ethnic minorities have tried to achieve independence from Myanmar, and this struggle is still going on in many places. As well as the list above there are a handful of unofficial tribes that are not recognized by the Burmese government, including Burmese Indians, Rohingya, Anglo-Burmese, Lisu, Raway, Burmese Chinese and many more. Together, these stateless tribes make up around 10% of the people living in Myanmar. Weaving and selling goods How to visit the ethnic groups of Myanmar responsibly When visiting indigenous peoples, it’s important to remember a few key rules to make sure you don’t add any pressure to their lives. Remember that we are privileged to be permitted to visit this remarkable country and that sustainable tourism can play a largely beneficial role in shining a light on areas of the world previously in shadow. Here’s a quick checklist to ensure a happy trip Learn a few words in the local language. We know this might be tricky as there are a LOT of languages in the different tribes, but if you make the effort to ask someone at the beginning of your trip and make a note of the words for hello’ and thank you’, you will reap the rewards. Visit villages and tribes in small groups only, and limit the amount of foreign and mainstream items you bring with you. It goes without saying – do not leave any litter behind. As the country is still emerging from a conservative period away from the rest of the world, it’s respectable to wear clothing that covers your knees and shoulders to make the people you meet feel comfortable. Pay for things using your right hand, and loosely support your right arm with your left hand. Do not point at anything using your feet! If you’d like to take a photo, always ask permission, especially if of a person. They’ll also normally like to see the photo afterward. Bring gifts. It helps break the ice and is always polite. Smile! This is the land of smiles, and a smile always eases over any cultural tension. So that wraps up our brief run-down of the different ethnic groups of Myanmar and the difficulties they face today. There is so much to learn from indigenous people around the world – if you’re planning a trip to Myanmar, prepare yourself for a tidal wave of color, sounds, smells, and culture. .
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